Being Brains: Making The Cerebral Subject

Chap. 3: Cerebralizing Distress

Mental Patients' Union

Event's info View Timespace 1973/03/01 00:00:00

As mentioned, the neurodiversity movement also draws on antipsychiatry and the C/S/X, including radical strands such as Mad Pride and its appropriation of traditionally derogatory terms such as “psycho,” “crazy,” and “nut.” These movements wish to deconstruct stereotyped and stigmatizing representations in science, medicine, and public culture at large (Rowland 2015). While they developed as “revolts from below” (Crossley 1998), they historically followed the “revolt from above” that began within professional psychiatry with Robert Laing and David Cooper in the United Kingdom, Thomas Szasz in the United States, and Franco Basaglia in Italy. Laing’s The Divided Self was published in 1960, Cooper’s Psychiatry and AntiPsychiatry in 1967, and the first C/S/X, the Mental Patients’ Union, appeared in Britain in 1973.

Vidal, Fernando and Ortega, Francisco. Being Brains: Making the Cerebral Subject (Forms of Living)....

Andrew Roberts, the man at the middle, was one of the founding members of the Mental Patients' Union...

A crusade for dignity
Andrew Roberts recalls his involvement in the foundation of the Mental Patients Union

The idea of a Mental Patients Union was first developed by a small group of mental patients and supporters back in December 1972. A pamphlet was produced — which came to be known as the Fish Pamphlet (it had a picture of a fish struggling on a hook on the cover) — that was strongly Marxist in its analysis. Its argument was that psychiatry was a form of social control of the working classes in a capitalist state, and that the psychiatrist was the "high priest" of technological society, exorcising the "devils" of social distress through electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), lobotomy and medication. The thinking was that, in the same way that workers formed trade unions, mental patients also needed a union to fight for their rights against political oppression and social control.

Continue reading the story by Andrew Roberts on The Guardian below:

A crusade for dignity

The Mental Patients' Union Demands
We Demand

  1. The abolition of compulsory treatment i.e. we demand the effective right of patients to refuse any specific treatment.
  2. The abolition of the right of any authorities to treat patients in the face of opposition of relatives or closest friends unless it is clearly shown that the patient of his own volition desires the treatment.
  3. The abolition of irreversible psychiatric treatments (ECT, brain surgery, specific drugs)
  4. Higher standards in the testing of treatments before use on us.
  5. That patients be told what treatments they are receiving are experimental and should have the effective right to refuse to be experimented on.
  6. That patients be told what treatments they are receiving and what the long-term effects are.
  7. Also the abolition of isolation treatment (seclusion in locked side rooms, padded cells, etc.)
  8. The right of any patient to inspect his case notes and the right to take legal action relating to the contents and consequences of them.
  9. That the authorities should not discharge any patient against his will because they refuse treatment or any other reason.
  10. That all patients should have the right to have any treatment which we believe will help them.
  11. That local authorities should provide housing for patients wishng to leave hospital and that adequate security benefits should be provided. We will support any mental patients or ex-patients in their struggle to get these facilities and any person who is at risk of becoming a mental patient because of inadequate accommodation, financial support, social pressures,etc.
  12. We call for the abolition of compulsory hospitalisation.
  13. An end to the indiscriminate use of the term ‘mental subnormality’. We intend to fight the condemnation of people as ‘mentally subnormal’ in the absence of any real practical work to tackle the problem with active social understanding and help.
  14. The abolition of the concept of ‘psychopath’ as a legal or medical category.
  15. The right of patients to retain their personal clothing in hospitals and to secure their personal possessions without interference by hospital staff.
  16. The abolition of compulsory work in hospitals and outside and the abolition of the right of the hospital to withhold and control patients’ money.
  17. The right of patients to join and participate fully in the trade union of their choice.
  18. That trade union rates are paid to patients for any work done where such rates do not exist.
  19. That patients should have recourse to a room where they can enjoy their own privacy or have privacy with others, of either sex, of their own choosing.
  20. The abolition of censorship by hospital authorities of patients’ communications with society outside the hospital and in particular the abolition of telephone and letter censorship.
  21. We demand the abolition of any power to restrict patients’ visiting rights by the hospital authorities.
  22. 22, The right of Mental Patients Union representatives to inspect all areas of hospitals or equivalent institutions.
  23. We deny that there is any such thing as ‘incurable’ mental illness and demand the right to investigate the circumstances of any mental hospital patient who believes he or she is being treated as incurable
  24. We demand that every mental patient or ex-patient should have the right to a free second opinion by a psychiatrist of the patient’s or Mental Patients Union representatives’ choice, if he or she disagrees with the diagnosis and that every patient or ex-patient should have the right to an effective appeal machinery.

Learn more about the history of the Mental Patients' Union below:

The Mental Patients Union, 1973

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Being Brains: Making The Cerebral Subject

Inspired by the homonymous book by Fernando Vidal and Francisco Ortega, this timespace presents the authors' genealogy of the cerebral subject and the influence of the neurological discourse in human sciences, mental health and culture.

The Decade of the Brain Neural Correlates of Behavioral Preference for Culturally Familiar Drinks, by Samuel McClure Prefrontal cortex damage abolishes brand-cued changes in cola preference, by Koenig and Tranel The New Brain Sciences: Field or Fields? by Abi-Rached Off with Your Heads: Isolated Organs in Early Soviet Science and Fiction, by Krementsov Why People Choose Coke Over Pepsi: How Our Brains Create Our Consumer Experience, by Mlodinow Launching of EyeWire, the Game to Map the Brain Launching of The Brain Initiative Neurocriticism, by Amir Muzur and Iva Rinčić Launching of the Human Brain Project (HBP) Markus Gabriel coined the term "Neucentrism" at his book "I am not a Brain" Tensions related to the Human Brain Project (HBP) became public Neurobiologist Rafael Yuste talks to El País about a "new humanism" based on Neuroscience
De Anima, by Aristotle On the Sacred Disease, by Hippocrates Edwin Smith surgical papyrus Galenic Corpus Aristotelianism The Tryal of Wits, by Juan Huarte Anatomy of Melancholy, by Robert Burton Passions of the Soul, by René Descartes Corpuscularianism The Anatomy of the Brain and Nerves, by Thomas Willis The Second Treatise of Government, by John Locke Essay Concerning Human Understanding, by John Locke Analytical Essay on the Faculties of the Soul, by Charles Bonnet Phrenology The Constitution of Man Considered in Relation to External Objects, by George Combe The Duality of the Mind, by Arthur Wigan Self-Help, by Samuel Smiles The case of Tan, studied by Paul Broca The New Thought or Mind Cure Movement The Brain Power of Man: Has He Two Brains or Has He One?, by Brown-Séquard First Book in Physiology and Hygiene, by John Harvey Kellogg New Methods in Education, by James Liberty Tadd Foundation of the British Ambidextral Culture Society Quote by Auguste Forel Quote by Oskar Vogt First human electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded The World, the Flesh, and the Devil, by J.D. Bernal Cybernetics Albert Einstein's death Widespread of the definition of death according to brain-based criteria in clinical practice Right-brain boom Self-Knowledge and Self-Identity, by Sidney Shoemaker Harvard Medical School landmark report Brain Transplantation and Personal Identity, by Roland Puccetti Philosophical Explanations, by Robert Nozick The Mind’s I, edited by Daniel C. Dennett and Douglas Hofstadter Reason, Truth, and History, by Hilary Putnam Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, by Foucault Real People: Personal Identity Without Thought Experiments, by Kathleen Wilkes Technologies of the Self, by Michel Foucault Quote by James D. Watson Neuroplasticity Smart for Life, by Michael D. Chafetz Le philosophe et son scalpel: le problème de l'identité personnelle, by Stéphane Ferret Exploding the Gene Myth, by Ruth Rubbard and Elijah Wald Scott Gilbert's article about four biological views of the body/self—the neural, immunological, genetic, and phenotypic The DNA Mystique, by Dorothy Nelkin and Susan Lindee Japan's Organ Transplantation Law The Genetic Self, by June Peters Brain Death and Transplantation in Japan, by Masahiro Morioka The Executive Brain, by Elkhonon Goldberg Twice Dead: Organ Transplants and the Reinvention of Death, by Margaret Lock Foundation of the Posit Science Corporation Neurochemical Selves, by Nikolas Rose Jonathon Keats copyrights his brain Is It Me or My Brain? Depression and Neuroscientific Facts, by Joseph Dumit How to Talk About the Body? The Normative Dimension of Science Studies, by Bruno Latour Completion of the Human Genome Project The Ethical Brain, by Gazzaniga Article on Brain Calisthenics, at The New York Times Can neuroscience be integrated into the DSM-V?, by Steven Hyman A Social Neuroscience Perspective on Adolescent Risk-Taking, by Laurence Steinberg Identity, Identification, and the Brain, by Emily Martin Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome: A New Name for the Vegetative State or Apallic Syndrome, by Steven Laureys Withdrawal of Artificial Nutrition and Hydration for Patients in a Permanent Vegetative State: Changing Tack, by Catherine Constable A Stone in a Spaghetti Bowl: The Biological and Metaphorical Brain in Neuro-Oncology, by Sky Gross More Dead Than Dead: Perceptions of Persons in the Persistent Vegetative State, by Kurt Gray Constituting Neurologic Subjects: Neuroscience, Subjectivity, and the Mundane Significance of the Brain, by Pickersgill, Cunningham-Burley and Martin Émergence du moi cérébral de Théodore Meynert à Antonio Damasio, by Arminjon, Ansermet, and Magistretti The Transatlantic Divide Over Brain Death Determination and the Debate, by Wijdicks Rebelling Against the Brain: Public Engagement with the ‘Neurological Adolescent, by Choudhury, McKinney and Merten Neurobiological Narratives: Experiences of Mood Disorder Through the Lens of Neuroimaging, by Daniel Buchman Neurobiology in Public and Private Discourse: The Case of Adults with ADHD, by Broer and Heerings Neuro: The New Brain Sciences and the Management of the Mind, by Nikolas Rose and Joelle Abi-Rached How Has Neuroscience Affected Lay Understandings of Personhood?, by O'Connor and Joffe Beyond the Brain, by David Brooks David Brooks and the Anti-Neuroscience Backlash, by Paul Waldman The Problem with the Neuroscience Backlash, by Gary Marcus Brain Talk: Power and Negotiation in Children’s Discourse About Self, Brain, and Behavior, by Ilina Singh Death, treatment decisions and the permanent vegetative state: evidence from families and experts, by Stephen Holland The Embodied Brain, by Kiverstein and Miller Thomas Insel appointed head of the new life sciences unit of Alphabet
The Development of Electroencephalography First use of the term Neuropolitics NeuroX Invention of fMRI If Neuroimaging Is the Answer, What Is the Question?, by Stephen Kosslyn Neuropolitics, by William Connolly fMRI: A New Research Tool, by APA U.S. Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act Neuro Lit Crit Brain Images, Babies, and Bathwater: Critiquing Critiques of Functional Neuroimaging
Andy Warhol's Brillo Box The Power of Images, by David Freedberg Discovery of Mirror Neurons Andy Warhol: Brillo Box, by Arthur Danto Coining of the word Neuroaesthetics fMRI Experiment on Art Creation, by Robert Solso Neural Concept Formation and Art: Dante, Michelangelo, Wagner, by Semir Zeki Neural Correlates of Beauty, by Hideaki Kawabata and Semir Zeki Brain Correlates of Aesthetic Judgment of Beauty, by Jacobsen et al. David Freedberg's articles on neuroaesthetics A Small Part of the Brain, and Its Profound Effects, by Sandra Blakeslee Motion, Emotion, and Empathy in Aesthetic Experience, by David Freedberg and Vittorio Gallese The Golden Beauty: Brain Response to Classical and Renaissance Sculptures, by Di Dio et al. Coining of the term Neuroarthistory Neuroaesthetics as a field of study Toward a Brain-Based Theory of Beauty, by Ishizu and Zeki Foundation of the Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics This Is Your Brain on Art: What Can Philosophy of Art Learn from Neuroscience?, by David Davies Out of Our Heads: Why You Are Not Your Brain, by Alva Nöe
Primitive Culture, by Edward Burnett Tylor Coming of Age in Samoa, by Margaret Mead Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions, by Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth, by Derek Freeman Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, by Raymond Williams Thinking Through Cultures, by Richard Shweder Early use of the term social neuroscience Appearance of the term neuroanthropology in the Dictionary of Anthropology Topics researched in cultural neuroscience Social Neuroscience, by John T. Cacioppo and Gary Berntson Launch of the journal Social Neuroscience Launch of the journal Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience First appearance of the term cultural neuroscience Neural Basis of Cultural Influence on Self-Representation, by Zhu et al. Foundation of the Social and Affective Neuroscience Society Culture-sensitive neural substrates of human cognition: a transcultural neuroimaging approach, by Han and Northoff The first Ph.D. in Neuroanthropology Special Issues on Cultural Neuroscience Neural basis of individualistic and collectivistic views of the self, by Chiao et al. Foundation of the Society for Social Neuroscience Neuroanthropology vs. Cultural Neuroscience How Cultural is ‘Cultural Neuroscience’? Some Comments on an Emerging Research Paradigm, by Denkhaus and Bös Special Issues on Neuroanthropology The Encultured Brain, by Greg Downey and Daniel H. Lende Foundation of the journal Culture & Brain Cultural Neuroscience: Connecting Culture, Brain, and Genes, by Kitayama and Huff
Influence of psychoanalytic explanations Synthetization of Chlorpromazine The Divided Self, by Ronald Laing National Autistic Society Autism Society of America Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry, by David Cooper
Mental Patients' Union
The rise of Internet Autism Network International National Alliance for Autism Research The Looping Effects of Human Kinds, by Ian Hacking Thinking in Pictures, by Temple Grandin Cure Autism Now Foundation Autism Genetic Resource Exchange Books by David Healy Neurodiversity Institute for the Study of the Neurologically Typical Thoughts on Finding Myself Differently Brained, by Jane Meyerding Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Depression: The Anatomy of Melancholia, by Wayne Drevets Why I Dislike 'Person First' Language, by Jim Sinclair Why Can’t You Be Normal for Once in Your Life? by Judy Singer Of Two Minds: An Anthropologist Looks at American Psychiatry, by Tanya Luhrmann Nosologomania: A Disorder of Psychiatry, by Herman van Praag World Health Report A Default Mode of Brain Function, by Raichle et al. Globalization of Psychiatry Neuroscience Research Agenda to Guide Development of a Pathophysiologically Based Classification System, by Charney et al. Functional Neuroimaging of Depression, by Erk, Walter and Spitzer Depression: Perspectives from Affective Neuroscience, by Davidson et al. Alterations in Brain and Immune Function Produced by Mindfulness Meditation, by Davidson et al. The Misbehavior of Behaviorists: Ethical Challenges to the Autism-ABA Industry, by Michelle Dawson Petition to the United Nations Acceptance Versus Cure, by Sue Rubin A Mother's Perspective, by Kit Weintraub The bio-bio-bio model of madness, by John Read Deep Brain Stimulation for Clinical Study of Treatment-Resistant Depression, by Mayberg et al. First Autistic Pride Day Can Brain Scans See Depression?, by Benedict Carey Autism at the Crossroads: Determining the Phenotype Matters for Neuroscience, by Tony Charman Voices From The Spectrum, by Ariel and Naseef On Our Own Terms: Emerging Autistic Culture, by Martijn Dekker Autism Movement Seeks Acceptance, Not Cures, by Joseph Shapiro A New Look at the Neural Diathesis-Stress Model of Schizophrenia, by Jones and Fernyhough Bipolar Expeditions: Mania and Depression in American Culture, by Emily Martin Global Mental Health Movement (GMH) Light and Dark: Correcting the Balance, by Judy Singer Defining the Neural Circuitry of Depression: Towards a New Nosology with Therapeutic Implications, by Helen Mayberg Orchestrating Voices: Autism, Identity, and the Power of Discourse, by Nancy Bagatell Can Neuroscience be integrated into the DSM-V?, by Steven Hyman Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), a National Institute of Mental Health initiative Biological Vulnerability of Depression, by Nantel-Vivier and Pihl Neuroimaging and Depression: Current Status and Unresolved Issues, by Gotlib and Hamilton A glimmer of light for neuropsychiatric disorders, by Steven Hyman Major Depressive Disorder and White Matter Abnormalities: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study with Tract-Based Spatial Statistics, by Kieseppä et al. Lack of evidence of causality in depression Identity Politics and the Language Controversy, by Dora Raymaker Biomarkers in Psychiatry: Promises and Perils in the Real World, by Ilina Singh and Nikolas Rose Major Depressive Disorder: 2nd leading cause of disability worldwide How It Is Not ‘Just Like Diabetes’: Mental Disorders and the Moral Psychologist, by Nomy Arpaly Aspergia The pharmaceutical industry's turn: from medication to genetics The Pharma-Psych Nexus Structural Neuroimaging Studies in Major Depressive Disorder: Meta-analysis and Comparison with Bipolar Disorder, by Kempton et al. The Genetic Blueprint of Major Depressive Disorder: Contributions of Imaging Genetics Studies, by Scharinger et al. In Search of Biomarkers for Autism: Scientific, Social, and Ethical Challenges, by Walsh et al. The Epigenetics Revolution, by Nessa Carey Antipsychotics: Is It Time to Introduce Patient Choice?, by Morrison et al. Myth: Reframing Mental Illness as a ‘Brain Disease’ Reduces Stigma, by Joanna Cheek A Systematic Review of Resting-State Functional-MRI Studies in Major Depression, by Wang et al. The Book of Woe, by Gary Greenberg Classification of Depressive Disorders, by Philip J. Cowen The search for treatment-specific biomarkers Hopes for diagnostic based on identified biomarkers Neuro: The New Brain Sciences and the Management of the Mind, by Rose and Abi-Rached How Everyone Became Depressed: The Rise and Fall of the Nervous Breakdown, by Edward Shorter Brain Scans Could Become EKGs for Mental Disorders, by Roxanne Khamsi Concentrating on Kindness, an article on Science Mag Neuroimaging and Psychiatry: The Long Road from Bench to Bedside, by Helen Mayberg The Neurobiology of Meditation and Mindfulness, by Tobias Esch Is the Agenda for Global Mental Health a Form of Cultural Imperialism?, by Gavin Miller Connecting the Dots: A Review of Resting Connectivity MRI Studies in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, by Posner, Park, and Wang Most recent edition of the Handbook of Depression Is Evidence-based Psychiatry Ethical?, by Mona Gupta Melancholia: The Western Malady, by Matthew Bell
Sketches by Boz, by Charles Dickens Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Brontë The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, by Anne Brontë Shirley, by Charlotte Brontë David Copperfield, by Charles Dickens Villette, by Charlotte Brontë Bleak House, by Charles Dickens The Professor, by Charlotte Brontë The Lifted Veil, by George Eliot Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, by Robert L. Stevenson The Legacy of Cain, by Wilkie Collins Tess of the d’Urbervilles, by Thomas Hardy Dracula, by Bram Stoker Heart of a Dog, by Mikhail Bulgakov Professor Dowell’s Head, by Alexander Belyaev The World, the Flesh, and the Devil, by J.D. Bernal Donovan's Brain, by Curt Siodmak ¿A dónde van los cefalomos? by Ángel Arango Odd Corners, by William Hjortsberg The Terminal Man, by Michael Crichton Asleep in the Sun, by Adolfo Bioy Casares A Scanner Darkly, by Philip K. Dick The Making of Mind: A Personal Account of Soviet Psychology, by Alexander Luria Antecessors of Neuro Lit Crit Reason, Truth, and History, by Hilary Putnam Neuromancer, by William Gibson Schismatrix, by Bruce Sterling The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat and Other Clinical Tales, by Oliver Sacks Mindplayers, by Pat Cadigan When Gravity Fails, by George Alec Effinger A Fire in the Sun, by George Alec Effinger The Exile Kiss, by George Alec Effinger Fools, by Pat Cadigan The Turing Option, by Harry Harrison and Marvin Minsky Galatea 2.2, by Richard Powers Descartes' Error, by Antonio Damasio Enduring Love, by Ian McEwan Albrick's Gold, by Simon LeVay Motherless Brooklyn, by Jonathan Lethem Thinks... by David Lodge The Corrections, by Jonathan Franzen The Epistemology of Cognitive Literary Studies, by Elizabeth Hart Adjusting the Frame, Comments on Cognitivism and Literature, by Adler and Gross Mind Catcher, by John Darnton My Father's Brain, by Jonathan Franzen Darwin and Derrida: Cognitive Literary Theory as a Species of Post-Structuralism, by Ellen Spolsky Into the Silent Land: Travels in Neuropsychology, by Paul Broks The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, by Mark Haddon Saturday, by Ian McEwan The Echomaker, by Richard Powers Observe the Neurones. Between, Above and Below John Donne, by Antonia Byatt Proust Was a Neuroscientist, by Jonah Lehrer Atmospheric Disturbances, by Rivka Galchen Neuroesthetics, Neuroscientific Theory, and Illustration from the Arts, by Suzanne Nalbantian Consciousness as Content: Neuronarratives and the Redemption of Fiction, by Gary Johnson Lowboy, by John Wray The Rise of the Neuronovel, by Marco Roth Next Big Thing in English: Knowing They Know That You Know, by Patricia Cohen How Is the Selective Nature of Memory Explored by Ian McEwan and in Biology? by Imogen Ash This Is Your Brain on Jane Austen, and Stanford Researchers Are Taking Notes, by Corrie Goldman Phrenology and Physiognomy in Victorian Literature, by Boshears and Whitaker
Movie adaptations of Orlac's Hands Frankenstein The New York Times' review of Frankenstein Remembering, by Frederic Bartlett Bride of Frankenstein The Man Who Changed His Mind Ectobrains in B-movies Ghost of Frankenstein The Beast with Five Fingers The Brain That Wouldn't Die The Addams Family The Manchurian Candidate Dr. Terror’s House of Horrors Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed La Horripilante Bestia Humana Change of Mind From brain transplantation to managing neural information L'homme au cerveau greffé Young Frankenstein Flashbulb Memories, by Brown and Kulik Memory movies The Hand Blade Runner Professor Dowell's Testament Real People: Personal Identity Without Thought Experiments, by Kathleen Wilkes Heart Condition Total Recall Hideous Progenies: Dramatizations of Frankenstein from Mary Shelley to the Present, by Steven Forry Body Parts The Myth of Repressed Memory: False Memories and Allegations of Sexual Abuse, by Loftus and Ketcham Johnny Mnemonic Strange Days Cold Lazarus Dark City Heart Frankenstein: Penetrating the Secrets of Nature, by Susan Lederer Paycheck Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind Magdalena's Brain Matters of the Heart: History, Medicine, and Emotion, by Fay Bound Alberti Speak, Memory by Oliver Sacks
Miracles, Science, and Testimony in Post-Tridentine Saint-Making, by Fernando Vidal Brainhood, Anthropological Figure of Modernity, by Fernando Vidal Ectobrains in the movies, chapter by Fernando Vidal in William Tronzo's book The Fragment: An Incomplete History The Moral Authority of Nature, edited by Lorraine Daston and Fernando Vidal Neurocultures: Glimpses Into an Expanding Universe, by Fernando Vidal and Francisco Ortega The Sciences of the Soul: The Early Modern Origins of Psychology, by Fernando Vidal La neuroesthétique, un esthétisme scientiste, an article by Fernando Vidal Are there Neural Correlates of Depression?, book chapter by Fernando Vidal and Francisco Ortega Neuroaesthetics: Getting Rid of Art and Beauty, reviewed article by Fernando Vidal L'expérience mélancolique au regard de la critique, an afterword by Fernando Vidal Prospero Lambertini's On the Imagination and Its Powers, by Fernando Vidal La vue d'ensemble délivre de l'inquiétude: notes sur un thème starobinskien, by Fernando Vidal Corporeality, Medical Technologies and Contemporary Culture, a book by Francisco Ortega Critical autism studies: exploring epistemic dialogues and intersections, challenging dominant understandings of autism The Biopolitics of Autism in Brazil, book chapter by Francisco Ortega, Rafaela Zorzanelli and Clarice Rios Being Brains: Making The Cerebral Subject, by Fernando Vidal and Francisco Ortega Academic and professional tensions and debates around ADHD in Brazil, book chapter by Francisco Ortega, Rafaela Zorzanelli and Valeria Portugal Phenomenology of the Locked-In Syndrome: an Overview and Some Suggestions, an article by Vidal Neurociências: Não somos o nosso cérebro?, a talk by Ortega Brazilian edition of Being Brains
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