Brexit

Media and Analyses

The Guardian editorial upon inauguration of the Chunnel

Editorial: a snipped ribbon, and a sea-change
6 May 1994

British political life bristles with ephemeral wittering about Europe. Are we at the heart of it? Can we leave it? Is it moving towards us or we towards it? Most of these speculations are the thinnest of querulous fantasies. By contrast the Channel Tunnel is a hard, built-to-last, fact. And today is day one of our future.

Nothing in history has shaped the British more than insularity. Living on an island defines us. It gives us our sense of independence, our feeling of continuity, our awareness difference. But from today - or at least once normal service is at last established - we are no longer an island. The Channel divided us. The tunnel unites us. If ever there was a turning point in national psychology, then this surely is it.

It is not surprising, therefore, that few will cheer wildly when the Queen and President Mitterrand snip the tape later today. This is not one of those self-conscious agate moments in history - the multi-racial South African election or the Arab-Israeli handshake, for example. It isn’t a longed-for consummation. Life won’t change very much, very soon in Britain, France or the further corners of Europe. But a process begins from which there can be no return. The building of the tunnel is an expression of confidence in the perpetuity of European peace which would not have been imagined by our ancestors. Or, to put it more accurately, which was hastily rejected by our ancestors when they did imagine it.

Presented with the draft of an earlier tunnel scheme, Lord Palmerston dismissed it on the grounds that “it would shorten a distance we already find too short”. There are still some who fear that the tunnel epitomises a fundamental and threatening erosion of difference between the British and the nations of continental Europe. To such people the tunnel is Maastricht set literally in concrete, unwanted, unneeded and foisted upon us. But this is surely a nonsensical conceit. The British will remain British. Rabies, potato blight and the IRA may do their worst - but don’t count on it. If anyone has anything to fear from the tunnel it is probably the burghers of Calais, who have suffered long enough from our national addiction to cheap drink without having even more of us visited upon their historic but unlovely town.

The importance of the tunnel is both real and metaphysical. It is a means to an end, or rather to two ends; for us to get ourselves and our produce there, and for them and theirs to get here. The implications for infrastructure will multiply irresistibly, reprimanding us for our initial dilatoriness. In time we shall get the designated link to London and the refurbishment of rail lines to the north which ought to have been in place already today. But meanwhile Europe will creep ever more closely in on our minds. This is a two-way link. Paris for lunch for Londoners also means London for lunch for Parisians. And with every British journey closer to the heart of Europe, Europe gets closer to the heart of the British: with inexorable and hopeful consequences for us all.

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Brexit

1975 UK European Communities membership referendum 1983 election David Cameron rejects the idea of a EU referendum David Cameron backs referendum on Europe European Union Referendum Act 2015 David Cameron wins election for second term David Cameron announces referendum in June UK votes to leave the European Union Prime-minister David Cameron resigns Theresa May becomes Prime-Minister Theresa May sets out plan for Brexit Theresa May triggers Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty May calls for a snap election in June Snap election. May loses majority First round of negotiations begin Joint report proposes solutions for Irish border Commission publishes draft Withdrawal Agreement UK and EU agree terms for Brexit transition UK white paper on Brexit UK government approves the draft of the Withdrawal Agreement EU endorses Withdrawal Agreement May announces date for vote on Brexit deal May faces no-confidence motion Theresa May loses in Parliament May loses again in Parliament 1st Brexit deadline Second round of indicative votes: no majority for any proposals May asks for extension to 30 June 2019 At emergency European Council, Brexit extension agreed until 31 October 2019 European parliament elections Theresa May resigns Boris Johnson is the new Prime Minister Parliament suspended The suspension of Parliament is judged unlawful by the Supreme Court Johnson proposes alternative to the backstop Johnson agrees new Withdrawal Agreement with EU Parliament special session on a Saturday A general election is enabled by Parliament UK general election called for 12 December 2019 2nd Brexit deadline Parliament is dissolved First debate between Johnson and Corbyn Snap election. Tories win the majority Johnson's New Year message Current Brexit deadline Deadline for the EU to agree with the UK negotiating objectives Deadline for the UK to ask for an extension of the transition period End of transition period